INDIRECT SPEECH

 




Indirect speech, also called indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.

In terms of grammar, indirect speech often makes use of certain syntactic structures such as content clauses ("that" clauses, such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes infinitive phrases. References to questions in indirect speech frequently take the form of interrogative content clauses, also called indirect questions (such as whether he was coming).In indirect speech certain grammatical categories are changed relative to the words of the original sentence.

For example, person may change as a result of a change of speaker or listener (as I changes to he in the example above). In some languages, including English, the tense of verbs is often changed – this is often called sequence of tenses.

When written, indirect speech is not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar typographical devices for indicating that a direct quotation is being made. However such devices are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful quotation of someone's words (with additional devices such as square brackets and ellipses to indicate deviations or omissions from those words), as in He informed us that "after dinner [he] would like to make an announcement".

Examples:

·         It is raining hard.

ü  She says that it is raining hard. (no change)

ü  She said that it was raining hard. (change of tense when the main verb is past tense)

·         I have painted the ceiling blue.

ü  He said that he had painted the ceiling blue. (change of person and tense)

·         I will come to your party tomorrow.

ü  I said that I would come to his party the next day/the following day. (change of tense, person and time expression)

·         How do people manage to live in this city?

ü  I asked him how people managed to live in that city. (change of tense and question syntax, and of demonstrative)

·         Please leave the room.

ü  I asked them to leave the room. (use of infinitive phrase)

The tense changes illustrated above (also called backshifting), which occur because the main verb ("said", "asked") is in the past tense, are not obligatory when the situation described is still valid:

Time Expressions

today                             that day
now                                then
yesterday                       the day before
… days ago                    … days before
last week                       the week before
next year                       the following year
tomorrow                       the next day / the following day

Place
here                                there

Demonstratives

this                                 that
these                             those

sourse: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_speech

INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Iran backed out of nuclear deal - John Kerry

US Secretary of State John Kerry has said Iran backed out of a deal on its nuclear programme during talks with world powers in Geneva on Saturday.

Amid reports that France's reservations scuppered an agreement, Mr Kerry told reporters in Abu Dhabi: "The French signed off on it; we signed off on it."

Iran had been unable to accept the deal "at that particular moment", he added.

Mr Kerry said he hoped in the next few months they could "find an agreement that meets everyone's standards".

Representatives from Iran and the so-called P5+1 - the US, UK, France, Russia and China plus Germany - will meet again on 20 November...

source:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24895911

Some techniques of translation

 Natural equivalence
 Is adapt a word, frase, etc. form one lenguage to another one. Following the gramatical rules to make the best possible translation.

Example:

The windows of the red-big house are broken.
Las ventanas de la gran casa roja están rotas.

by: Verónica Chacón
Contraction linguistic equivalence

Its a translation method, it consist of a grammatical reduction in whic elements are eliminate in the translated text. So contraction is the opposite procedure of the additions one. We must be carefull with the information that we are cutting off because we could lose the meaning of the text. For Example:

The violence cames after three pro-Morsi demonstrators were killed by security forces in another part from the capital / La violencia se produjo después de que tres manifestantes pro-Morsi fueran asesinados por las fuerzas de seguridad en otra parte de la capital.

After contraction

The violence cames after three pro-Morsi demonstrators were killed by security forces / La violencia se produjo después de que tres manifestantes pro- Morsi fueran asesinados por las fuerzas de seguridad.


By: Tahimar Borrero
Expliciting

Expliciting form is used when doing a translation from english to spanish, has been adapted to specific situation or context given the complexities of spanish is necesary to use more words than in english; That is the reason that we need understand what the autor means to explain

For example she has taken sick after the weekend


The army took the town after 48 hours of fighting

By: Karina Gamboa

Examples

More and better examples:

Education- as a necessity for all

 As we all know education is the foundation of any nation. It is a necessity for all. This is simply because an individual that is not educated cannot be active in the society. People grow with a better understanding of their immediate environment. Education creates awareness as it regenerate the way of thinking of an individual. He/She understands what and what to do in order to enhance good living.

Literal Translation

Educación como una necesidad para todos

Como nosotros sabemos, educación es la fundación de cualquier nación. Esta es necesaria para todos. Esta es simplemente la causa porque un individuo que no es educado, no puede ser activo en la sociedad. La gente crece con un mejor entendimiento de su entorno inmediato. Educación crea conciencia como para regenerar el modo de pensar de un individuo. Él o ella entienden que y que hacer en orden de  mejorar la buena vida.

Author idea

La educación entendida como una necesidad para todos

Como todos sabemos, la educación es la base para el crecimiento de cualquier Estado. Es una necesidad que es requerida por todos. Todo esto simplemente porque una persona que no recibió educación, no puede interactuar en la sociedad. Las personas crecen con una mejor comprensión de su entorno inmediato. La educación les crea una conciencia ya que renueva la forma de pensar de un individuo. Entiende el que y qué hacer con el fin de mejorar el modo de vida.

Inside of Discourse organizer (The Argument)

An argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something. It has to do with the author’s intention in a paragraph, by giving reasons for accepting a particular conclusion.

How can we recognize them?

It’s pretty easy recognize the argument if we know the strategies.  

The strategies to identify the argument:

1.        Elimination:

It’s about omitting unnecessary and irrelevant information of the text. This Technique allows getting to the essence of a text and the specific argument.

2.       Substitution:

This technique allows you paraphrase and reformulate a specific argument in every paragraph. It’s mean that we can find and explain the author’s intention through this strategy.

3.       Key words: 

      We can use the most important information in a text. This Technique allows simplify the text and obtain the specific argument. 

Source: English IV book

Referents

Kerry and Iranian counterpart meet, set stage for new round of nuclear negotiations

1Secretary of State John Kerry, along with fellow diplomats, met briefly 2Thursday with his Iranian counterpart, marking the highest-level 3meeting between the two countries since the Iranian revolution of 1979.

4EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton later described the talks as 5“substantial” and said they had set the stage for a new round of 6negotiations over Iran’s nuclear program Oct. 15-16 in Geneva.

7Speaking to reporters later, Kerry warned there was still “a lot of work to 8be done” but added he welcomed the “change in tone.”

9Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif said he was "satisfied with this first 10step."

11Kerry sat next to Zarif at the meeting, the Associated Press reported. 12Others attending were the five permanent members of the U.N. 13Security Council and Germany.

14The diplomats met on the sidelines of the U.N. General Assembly in 15New York, amid mixed signals about how serious Iran was about 16coming back to the negotiating table over its nuclear program.

17Iranian President Hassan Rouhani said before the U.N. on Tuesday 18that he was ready to engage in “time-bound” talks on Tehran’s nuclear 19program, hours after Obama said he had directed Kerry to once again 20pursue diplomacy with Iran. The U.S. president noted indications of a 21more “moderate course” from Iran’s new leader.

22But Obama was snubbed by the Iranians, as U.S. officials revealed 23that Rouhani declined to meet with Obama, even informally, on the 24sidelines of the U.N.

25A senior administration official said a formal, one-on-one meeting was 26never on the table. But, the official said, "we indicated that the two 27leaders could have had a discussion on the margins if the opportunity 28presented itself." 

29The official said: "The Iranians got back to us; it was clear that it was 30too complicated for them to do that at this time given their own 31dynamic back home." 

32Despite the snub, U.S. officials remained optimistic. A senior State 33Department official said ahead of the meeting Thursday that while they 34didn’t anticipate any issues would be resolved, “we are hopeful that 35we can continue to chart a path forward.”

36“We hope that this new Iranian government will show that it is 37prepared to engage substantively to address these long standing 38concerns and we will see today and in months ahead whether they will 39follow words with action,” the official said.

40Among the agenda items at Thursday’s meeting was a review of the 41latest report on Iran’s nuclear program issued by the Director General 42of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to that agency’s 43Board of Governors.

44The report shows that Iran has moved forward aggressively on its 45nuclear program this summer, continuing to enrich uranium to levels 46consistent with weapons development and carrying out undeclared  47activities at the previously undeclared site of Parchin, leading the      48agency to say its verification duties have been “seriously undermined.”

49Fox News’ James Rosen and Associated Press contributed to this report.

Referent	L#	It refers to	Function (Ana/cata)	Grammatical category
His	2	Iranian diplomatic	Cata	Possessive Adjective
They	5	Kerry and Iranian diplomatic	Ana	Personal Pronoun
He	8	Kerry	Ana	Personal Pronoun
He	9	Javad Zarif, The Iranian Minister	Ana	Personal Pronoun
This	9	Negotiations	Ana	Demonstrative adjective
Others	12	The diplomats attending	Cata	Indefinite adjective
Its	16	Iranian nuclear program	Cata	Possessive Pronoun
That	18			Conjunction
He	18	Rohuani, Iranian president	Ana	Personal Pronoun
He	19	Obama, USA president	Ana	Personal Pronoun
that	23			Conjunction
We	26	USA Officials	Ana	Personal Pronoun
That	26			Conjunction
Itself	28	The opportunity of one-on-one meeting	Ana	Reflexive pronoun
Us	29	To USA government	Ana	Personal Pronoun
It	29	The situation	Ana	Personal Pronoun
That	29			Conjunction
It	29	The discussions	Ana	Personal Pronoun
Them	30	Iranian and USA presidents	Ana	Personal Pronoun
That	30	The Discussion	Ana	Dem. Pron. Object
This	30	The time	Cata	Dem. Adjective
Their	30	Their countries	Cata	Possessive Adj.
They	33	The state’s official and USA gov.	Ana	Personal Pronoun
We	34	The state’s official and USA gov.	Ana	Personal Pronoun
That	34			Conjunction
We	35	The USA Government	Ana	Personal Pronoun
We	36	The USA Government	Ana	Personal Pronoun
That	36			Conjunction
This	36	Iranian Government	Cata	Dem. Adj
That	36			Conjunction
It	36	The Iranian	Ana	Personal Pronoun
These	37	The concerns	Cata	Dem. Adj
We	38	All people	Ana	Personal Pronoun
They	39	The Iranian	Ana	Personal Pronoun
Its	44	The Iranian nuclear program	Cata	Possessive Adj.
This	45	The summer	Cata	Dem. Adj.
Its	48	The Agency’s verifications	Cata	Possessive Adj.
This	49	The report	Cata	Dem. Adj